Castilian Spanish – dialects and Portuguese

• In the Paraguay War (1864–1870), Brazilian soldiers would identify Paraguayan citizens by having them say the word pão, meaning “bread”. Non-native Portuguese speakers have great difficulty replicating the ão sound — instead, they would say pan or pao (without the due nasalization indicated by the tilde).
• During the Cuban War of Independence, prisoners caught by the insurgents were asked to pronounce the word “garbanzo” (pronounced [ɡarˈβanθo] in Castilian Spanish). Cubans pronounced the /r/ as /l/, and the /θ/ as /s/, resulting [ɡalˈβanso]. They were considered traitors.

The Spanish word perejil (parsley) was used as a shibboleth by Dominican Republic strongman Trujillo against Haitian immigrants at Río Massacre. See [2].“^[3

WALS is a large database of structural (phonological, grammatical, lexical) properties of languages gathered from descriptive materials (such as reference grammars) by a team of more than 40 authors (many of them the leading authorities on the subject).

WALS consists of 141 maps with accompanying texts on diverse features (such as vowel inventory size, noun-genitive order, passive constructions, and “hand”/”arm” polysemy), each of which is the responsibility of a single author (or team of authors). Each map shows between 120 and 1370 languages, each language being represented by a symbol, and different symbols showing different values of the feature. Altogether 2,650 languages are shown on the maps, and more than 58,000 datapoints give information on features in particular languages.

The World Loanword Database (WOLD), edited by Martin Haspelmath and Uri Tadmor, is a scientific publication by the Max Planck Digital Library, Munich (2009).

It provides vocabularies (mini-dictionaries of about 1000-2000 entries) of 41 languages from around the world, with comprehensive information about the loanword status of each word. It allows users to find loanwords, source words and donor languages in each of the 41 languages, but also makes it easy to compare loanwords across languages.

Each vocabulary was contributed by an expert on the language and its history. An accompanying book is being published by Mouton de Gruyter (Loanwords in the World’s Languages: A Comparative Handbook, edited by Martin Haspelmath & Uri Tadmor).

The World Loanword Database (WOLD) 2009 consists of vocabularies contributed by 41 different authors or author teams. When citing material from the database, please cite the corresponding vocabulary (or vocabularies).

Alexandrino – Fotógrafo

Alexandrinas – Fotografias (do nome de um fotógrafo que durante anos tirou fotos ” à la minuta ” na Feira de Sant’Ana

Alhandra(O de …) – O lume ; o fósforo ; uma fogueira – O de Alhandra preto=carvão

Alhoa – Praga ( Jordou pela d’el rei na piação da Alhoa = seguiu pela estrada a rogar pragas )

Alqueire ancho – Moio ; o equivalente a sessenta alqueires

Alvaiázere(Os de…) – Os sinos(vid. Brogueiros): eram feitos numa povoação chamada Boca da Mata, do concelho de Alvaiázere

Amarelas da Ribeira – Nêsperas ( da povoação com este nome , do concelho de Torres Novas

Amarino – Militar ( do nome dum sargento de cavalaria,filho do prof.Costa Ferreira)

Âmbria – Fome ( do espanhol hambra )

Ambrosiar – Pensar ; cismar

Ambrósio – Pessoa pensativa ou cismática

América(Um da…) – Um camião ; um autocarro

Amora(A da…) – A garrafa

Ana Maria – Doença de pele

(mais informação)

http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/hlp/geografia/mapa06.html

(ou, tamén, na súa versión humorística)

-Aguamorta: termo de uso na ría de Arousa para referirse ás medusas.

-Aguiuncho: cría de aguia, falcón pequeno.

-Alvado: vara do raño ou rasto. No e-Estraviz recóllese a entrada como cavidade onde entra o mango das ferramentas. (Tamén referido ás varas do raño, ver a entrada “xunguiño”).

-Avión: xogo de rapazas moi semellante ao “trúquel”, pero con outro debuxo no chan diferente.

-Azougar: axordar, causar desconcerto ou turbación a alguén por efecto dun berro ou dun ruído moi forte.